
Aleppo pepperSome stores
Same amount (1:1)
Closest in color, fruitiness and gentle heat.

Ingredient guide
Korean chili flakes, sold coarse (for kimchi and stews) or fine (for sauces). They are fruity and a little smoky with moderate heat, much milder than cayenne, and give Korean dishes their signature red color.
Fruity and slightly smoky with medium heat.
A bag labeled gochugaru (고춧가루); "sun-dried" is usually the better quality. Generic crushed red pepper from pizza shakers is hotter and seedier, so use it only if you must.
Keep airtight in the freezer for the best color and flavor, or in the pantry and use within a few months.
Works in any country — look for these names, in these kinds of shops.
Honest swaps, with amounts per unit of the original and how the dish will change.

Same amount (1:1)
Closest in color, fruitiness and gentle heat.

For each 1 tbsp gochugaru: ¾ tbsp sweet paprika + ¼ tbsp cayenne
Skip smoked paprika — the smoky flavor doesn't belong here. Slightly flatter than gochugaru.
▼ fruity flavor

For each 1 tbsp gochugaru: ¾ tsp cayenne
Much hotter and thinner — the stew will look paler. Add it in small pinches.
▲ hotter▼ color

대파
Fresh and mildly sweet with a gentle onion bite that mellows when cooked.

고추장
Spicy-sweet and savory with a fermented depth; the heat varies by brand.

배추김치
Sour, salty, spicy and savory. It gets tangier the longer it ferments.

고사리
Earthy and subtle, with a chewy texture.